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Solid-state LED lighting situation is getting brighter, and its applications continue to expand worldwide, including indoor and outdoor lighting, automotive interior, TV and monitors, cell phones and other consumer electronics products, backlight, and even car headlights.
According to market research firm Strategies Unlimited in the LED market research director Ella Shum, last year's global sales of packaged high-brightness LED surge 93%, to 10.8 billion U.S. dollars. Its growth mainly from TV and monitors, and mobile devices backlight.
Shum noted that despite the current global solid-state LED lights source used for the lighting is very interested, but high-brightness LED market in total sales last year accounted for only 8%. But she expects 2010 to high-brightness LED illumination-2015 areas will be an increase of 39% or so.
ElectroniCast Consultants recently released market research report that the United States last year consumed 485 million the value of LED bulbs. The company forecasts that number in 2015 will reach 1.64 billion (Figure 1).
The company forecasts that number in 2015 will reach 1.64 billion (Figure 1)
LED lightings, the long and short
LED light source than other types of more popular, because not a mystery. According to the U.S. Department of Energy's solid-state lighting research and development program, and high-intensity gas discharge (HID) light bulbs, fluorescent tubes and energy saving lamps (CFL), compared to halogen and incandescent lamps, LED has higher performance and longer life .
A cool white LED's maximum performance is 132 lm / W (l / W), while only a few incandescent 15 lm / W, both the life expectancy of 5 million and a thousand hours. The power LED lighting is used in 20% of incandescent lamps - that have growing importance in the world today is a very important energy conservation benefits.
However, higher prices of its shortcomings. Philips AmbientLED A19 lamp replacement costs about 40 dollars, while incandescent lamps not more than 1 dollar. LED energy-saving advantages of the long-ordered and can compensate for this shortcoming. Next year, the cost of the two will narrow the gap to the current quarter.

U.S. Department of Energy estimates that if all people use solid-state lighting, then by 2020, the electricity savings to meet the 32 million families. LED energy savings have been equivalent to 25 million households with electricity.

In addition, LED output level has reached 150 lm / W, and continues to rise. Several manufacturers of high brightness LED LED, can provide a wide range of lighting colors. For example, Cree LR6 downlight produced using a patented color mixing method, the comparable incandescent light emitted, but 85% less power than incandescent, but life is it 50 times (Figure 2) .
Energy-saving products as an alternative to incandescent lamps, LED bulbs continue to improve performance levels, and lower prices. For example, LEDtronics PAR Series LED energy than incandescent light bulbs 90% (Figure 3).
he 120V AC LED bulbs can also be in the range 90-290V AC dimmer, the use of medium Edison screw lampholders and G824-pin plug-type light bulbs, including the PAR20 (7-W), 30 (12-W) and 38 (15-W) of various types. EER said to the older generation of these products is 20% higher LEDtronics PAR lamp can directly replace the power up to 100W of incandescent and halogen lamps.

LED light bulbs cost of acquisition in the total cost of ownership is a factor, which not only lower energy costs, but also lower maintenance and replacement costs. Sandia National Laboratories estimated that today's incandescent light bulb LED lighting is twice the lifetime cost of ownership, is a fluorescent lamp 10 times the cost of ownership. But the lab also predicts that by 2020, LED lighting, cost of ownership is one of the incandescent lamp 10, is a fluorescent lamp half.

Each of the companies and organizations want to save in energy costs above the tens of thousands of dollars, which is to promote the way to the LED lighting changes the main force. Many shopping malls, shops, offices and building internal and external decoration, are turning to LED. Bridges, tunnels, highways, streets, parking lots, and airports also have adopted the stage LED lighting.

Engaged in the design, development, manufacture and sales of high-efficiency LED solution Lighting Science Group reported that in these places are busy installing their high performance and high efficiency lamps, such as Definity MR16 system. Simon Property Group shopping malls in the booth, the lights are being used to replace original halogen lamp. The company said its fully adjustable light Definity products, 80% higher efficiency than halogen light output than many other light sources is 50%.

LED designers and users face a challenge, the light source and there is no standardization of the interface between the drive circuit. Zhaga European Union launched an industry-wide action to develop standards for the LED light engine specifications. LED light engine is the interface with the provisions of the LED module, which interfaces with the internal use of the LED light engine technology type.

Zhaga will enable products from different manufacturers which have interchangeable. By the definition of the interface of various special optical engine, you can achieve interchangeability. Zhaga standard will cover physical size, and the LED light engine optical, electrical and thermal performance.

Driver Design Optimization

LED driver is a complex task. This is because the LED lighting application may change. Efficiency and color accuracy and other performance parameters will be greatly influenced LED drive. TI lighting power products marketing director Peter DiMaso strategy explains: "LED drive can affect the performance, color temperature and color shift (caused by the heat) and the flicker effect."

Texas Instruments C2000 micro-controller unit (MCU), director of marketing Patrick Carner agree with this view. He also pointed out that TI claims that its Piccolo MCU can be used for LED driver solution that allows designers to "further the use of digital power control hardware and software." The company's C2000 dc-dc LED lamp show developer tools, drive one or more shared power needed most appropriate power supply topologies (Figure 4).

The use of the motorcycle, some maintenance is the user that they can do. This is to reduce the trouble to repair shop, they can save time, can help increase your understanding of the motorcycle.
Spark Plug Maintenance
Motorcycle engine spark plug is a key component. Normal combustion of the mixture is the key to the normal operation of the engine. First of all, the spark plug for each engine model used is different, mainly heat value, the different thread size, so be sure to use the model provided the spark plug. Normal combustion engine, unscrew the spark plug observed, the electrode should be a rich red normal, if the black, that is, carbon deposition, indicating that the mixture too thick, inadequate combustion, should clean up carbon deposits. The central electrode with a tip clearance groove and L-polar carbon; adjust spark plug gap: GS125 (0.6-0.9mm), QS150T (0.7-0.8mm), the carbon would prevent a good spark plug spark and airbrush guns, and may be off the fire ; If it is found easy to wet or burned spark plug gray, that does not match the spark plug heat value, you should specify the repair shop to replace the Suzuki suitable spark plug Note:
1 to determine the thread size and piston rod length. If the piston rod is too short, the threads in the plug holes caused by the Ministry of damage caused by carbon deposits and engine.
2, in the application before the spark plug wrench, spark plug can be carefully hand screw threads of the cylinder head department, to prevent damage.
3, the use of special vehicle tools spark plug socket, tighten the spark plug to the required tightening torque.
Air Filter Maintenance
Electric motorbike air filter is the respiratory system. If the air filter blocked by dust, air resistance will be larger and would decrease the engine power output, fuel consumption increases, but also make the engine difficult to start, easy to turn off, seriously, dust inside the cylinder will increase wear on engine parts . Clean air filter according to the following steps:
Remove the air filter cartridge from the car care;
If the filter is a sponge foam, neutral detergent solution can be carefully cleaned, do not wring, dry cleaning finished water, drop 2-3 drops of oil (for absorption of air in very fine dust), even with the hand, according to the status quo Replace; paper filter if it is, must not use liquid cleaning house dust may be forced knock out and conditional use compressed gas into the air by blowing the opposite direction (do not engage in counter, otherwise the dust will be blown into the paper core porosity more severe obstruction); cases: QS150T paper core blowing from the inside out, from the outer ring to the Prince storm blowing in the hole.
Replace the filter installation should pay attention to the direction of orientation and intake;
With dust, dirty environment, traffic, should increase the cleaning frequency was found broken or paper filter soaked sponge to immediately replace the new, otherwise it will damage the skid steer loader or black smoke.
Maintenance of the oil filter
Most users know that should replace the oil, but to grasp the principle:
Is the replacement of a new oil filter is not replaced is not acceptable. Engine lubrication process, the oil pump to suck out the oil tank from the bottom, first pressed into the oil filter filter, filter oil and then transport the clean end to the cylinder head, crankshaft and transmission parts. If too dirty filter, oil filter less effective, reducing the amount of output of oil, lubricating parts are not good, it will cause excessive wear and tear, only the weight-for-oil is not enough, you must also replace the oil filter .

Flat solar collectors is suffering a very different with other countries, the situation in the rapid development of the China market, flat solar water heater solar water heater market share incredibly don't rise but lower, in small home solar water heater market, about the same also was kicked out, even its own existence, but also hard to sustain the hot water engineering in the south with a certain degree of application.
Investigate its actually, flat solar water heater in south China market PianAn corner reason the author thought as follows: 1. Can't in northern region, hard anti-freeze application; 2. The highest water temperature is lower, so are considered "efficiency is low"; 3. The price is more expensive, is costly. We summarize what its evils, can use six words to express: afraid of frozen, inefficient and expensive.
The first reason is because most flat solar collectors are using cold water directly through collection hot plate method for water pipe heat, this method doesn't circulating water pump, according to the principle of after water is heated up water heating, this method get cycle are really very simple and cheap, but not a good method: it is caused by thermal efficiency is low and integrating the form quickly, and dirt by board of the flow inside the canal is ordinary water, in the slightly sustained some under different temperature conditions, extremely easy to cause the freezing of water and expand, make collection hot plate tube, such technology thoroughly scrap form, make solar energy water heater with flat, and only in the south because use scaling and other reasons, the battery life is also quite short - although and vacuum tube use of solar water heater energy life, but not inferior compared with in the western world penchant for 40 years of service life than too little.
Water natural circulation of solar water heater originally should not appear: just because you can save a circulating water pump and some load cold agent, flat collector will lose the efficiency, life and freeze resistance, so that price is too heavy, it is too dearly purchased, it is worth to be considered.
Water circulation in the difficult circumstances, because the insulation properties than vacuum-tube solar hot water, so it's flat collector temperature is likely higher than flat collector of a lot of, but we don't forget, temperature and heat are two concepts: lighter than the flame temperature of the water temperature high vacuum tubes, can achieve 800 ℃ above, but relative to the environment temperature, its quantity of heat is not big: a lighter to all the heat out, even in the cases, 100% efficiency and also only can make 10 kilograms of water rise 3 ℃ just, as long as collectors can timely will heat transfer out, flat solar water heater set a much higher heat efficiency, so we can say, flat collector efficiency below the vacuum tube collectors, is a completely wrong and absurd conclusions.
Flat solar third question, may be even more important, because a lot of using some non-ferrous metal, flat solar panel would cost more than the vacuum tube collectors, in such a case, each flat solar manufacturers have embarked on a lower the cost of road, even walked some partial. They try every means to bring down the dosage of the copper coin collectors, more thin, cause its thickness has not called the COINS, but should called copper foil; Copper tube wall thickness is in constant decreases, can only bear a few kilograms of pressure tube leaked liquid not maintain; And do everything possible to use aluminum instead of copper; These efforts to reduce costs, make flat solar this in the world, all-powerful reigns in our country the energy-saving products, but has come to the point of almost unnoticed.
China's flat PV module, almost all to this a vicious cycle path, that is lower costs - the thinning COINS - slow performance - price lower... Many manufacturers of COINS, already thin to less than 0.15 mm, largely lost collection hot plate heat capacity to brass conveying, this is also causes the flat solar collection hot performance "incredibly" as the main reason for the solar collectors vacuum tubes.

As we all know, jaw crusher discharge mouth (row ore mouth) can be adjusted according to user's need to obtain a qualified product material size. Zhengzhou general crusher experts now as this issue, with everyone do simple description, hope to be able to bring you help.
First we must be clear, the jaw crusher thrust board, also called cubits board, in addition to transfer power to and fro dynamic jaw plate do outside, but also has a safety insurance effect, changing its length also can rise to adjust the role of ore mouth platoon.
When cone crusher crushing cavity things (such as crushing in an iron ball, iron, etc.), for the protection of the equipment is mainly parts are not damaged and use as crusher insurance after thrust board components. With cast iron plate after general thrust moulds overall, in which a trough of some holes open or to lower the cross-section intensity; Also can cast two, then use screws (or rivets) of connecting thrust board, stone crusher. When not broken objects into crushing cavity, equipment overloaded and huge breakage force to thrust plate lead to thrust board broken or combination thrust board screw, machine cut to stop work, have insurance effect.

These knowledge may in equipment instructions say not so detailed, so the user is in the purchase equipment, installation debugging when must learn more with crusher experts, mastering drying machiner insurance and discharging adjustment, stable production can be better.
Along with the continuous abrasion gear plate, ranking ore mouth bigger product constantly coarsens, in order to obtain qualified product size, need regular adjustment row ore mouth size. Row the adjusting methods of the ore mouth basically has the following two:
gasket adjustment, namely the bearing seat behind thrust board with frame behind after a group of gasket placed between wall, increase or decrease gaskets quantity or changing its thickness, can achieve the purpose of adjusting row ore mouth. This compact structure, regulating and reliable, large and medium-sized printing machine multi-purpose the regulation method.

wedge block regulation, it is to use on thrust board with frame between the backseat two wedge block adjustment is suitable for small crusher adopted.

Zhengzhou general crusher experts remind machinery and equipment operation instructions, must look washing machine, will the things inside understanding of the structure of the equipment and the principle of hand, so in equipment maintenance and operations would be handy.

Today, the distance from July has less than two about time, yangzhou will stop production of MOCVD LED lightings with the tablet device purchase subsidy funds. Analysis of the personage inside course of local leds, which for manufacturing enterprise, is undoubtedly a bad news, each device of 10 million yuan subsidies supreme day has gone.

However, in the face of such large financial subsidy policy termination, the enterprise by subsidies will LED lightings what kind of situation? Industry insiders say, since most current enterprise is in prophase construction, capacity is not mass release, so losing subsidies profit enterprises after grim.

According to understand, 2009, yangzhou in order to encourage enterprises to accelerate the LED industry key technology r&d and industrialization upstream, quickly become bigger and stronger for enterprises, and the city's LED bulbs purchase reached international advanced level LED by MOCVD equipment extensional slice production, give money funding. Subsidies standards, yangzhou, area is two levels of wealth to qualified blue-green MOCVD subsidies reach 1,000 yuan/Taiwan, red yellow MOCVD can reach 800 yuan per unit. This policy attracted numerous LED to investment, other domestic enterprises follow suit, where LED enterprise blossom everywhere. However, in governments around the world have emulated in investment promotion with the cases, excessive flood equipment investment deepened the compact fluorescent lamp oversupply fears.

Not only China's central government also have observed this phenomenon, the local government financial resources will gradually be consumed, therefore yangzhou has told their financial subsidies policy MOCVD manufacturer in July 2011, the manufacturer must end before July will move to get subsidies. Ates Meanwhile other local governments are considering follow-up of.
In fact, to the LED lighting speaking, government subsidies is currently an important guarantee of profits. Once the government to stop providing financial aid to the present profitability perspective, these LED enterprise hard to effectively deal with.

Industry insiders point, at present, the LED industry to a certain extent, which rely on policy promote the benefit of the financial support of the enterprise is highest, yangzhou, financial subsidies share of enterprise nature will cancel subsidies impact.

Meanwhile, a large number of capital inflows led light bars, some money into the LED industry, a large part of fancy himself not only LED industry prospects, but simply put, this is speculation the overheating pressure LED industry there is a strong force.

The benefits of solar water heaters are obvious. Energy saving, environmental protection, safety. Terms of its structure can be divided into the following categories:
(1) parts from the solar collectors points:
Vacuum tube solar water heater: is the heat-absorbing part of the most efficient solar collector, its advantage is that no part of the increase in collector insulation, and now the vacuum tube in terms of temperature resistance, insulation resistance and the fight against performance are the best, most solar water heaters have been used by the manufacturer. The disadvantage is that relatively large size, easy to build pipe scale.
Metal plate solar water heater: It is in excellent heat transfer performance of sheet metal, and covered with heat-absorbing coating, the use of metal heat transfer, will absorb the heat transfer in the water tank. The bit is a beautiful appearance, easy installation, can be made flat and not easily damaged. Drawback: the cost of insulation takes great, high cost is to increase the burden on consumers indirectly.
(2) from the structure to Category:
Ordinary solar water heater: the vacuum tube is inserted directly into a water tank, heated by the water cycle, making the water temperature in the tank, which is now manufacturers have adopted. Is one of the most popular to the present conventional water heater. Generally only the top can change the type water heater, unless you downstairs in the top-level relations between users and particularly of iron, and the roof area is limited.
Split Water Heater: Split water heater is to address the top-level users can not use the birth of solar panel. There are 2 split of the cycle, one is by natural circulation of water, this water heater heat exchange efficiency is very low, far from meeting the water requirements; the other is the heat exchange by circulating pump, which is to address the efficiency of natural circulation the low, the use of the pump cycle, can significantly improve the water heat exchange.
(3) from the tank pressure to points:
Pressurized solar water heater: At present, no matter what kind of split-type water heater, there is a fatal flaw, you must use pressurized water tank, which is the basic idea of all split-type solar hot water, which directly test some of your collector sealing performance; also the cost of manufacturing high pressure water tank, there are also security issues, the general requirements of 7 atmospheric pressure; and recycling are not always effective. Although the water cycle to solve problems and ease of use of water.
Non-pressure solar water heater: Currently installed in the roof of the ordinary solar water heaters are a non-pressure type water heaters, water tank it has a pipe open to atmosphere, is the use of the height gap between the roof and at home, use water to stress in the B2B. Its safety, cost, life-style than the ratio of pressure to be significantly more. Unfortunately, the roof is limited.